However, by the end of the breeding cycle usually only one chick remains due to predation or food availability. One to three, normally two, flaky whitish eggs are laid. Nesting material, such as grass, is weaved on the ground, forming a large structure of about 1 meter in diameter. The nest is located on either a small island or on a mass of floating vegetation. An area with a 3 meter diameter is trampled and cleared for the nest. The reproductive cycle from nest building to fledging spans a period of 6 to 7 months. Breeding time varies depending on location, but usually coincides with the start of the dry season. In the breeding season, these birds are very territorial and will defend the nest against any predators or competitors. Shoebill storks are solitary breeders and have territories measuring approximately 3 square kilometers. Shoebill storks form monogamous pairs for breeding. The toes are extremely long and completely divided with no webbing between them. The eyes are large and yellowish or grayish-white in color. The mandibles have sharp edges that aid in capturing and eating prey. The color of the bill is yellowish with blotchy dark spots. It is an enormous structure ending in a sharp, curved hook. The bill is the most prominent feature of shoebill storks and resembles a wooden shoe. A newly hatched shoebill stork is covered in silvery-grey silky down and juveniles are a slightly darker shade of grey than adults. On the back of the head is a small tuft of feathers that can erect in a crest. Adult breeding plumage does not differ from non-breeding plumage. The underparts are a lighter shade of grey. The primaries are black-tipped and secondaries have a greenish tint. The plumage is slaty blue-grey overall with a darker grey head. Males are larger than females and have longer bills. Large, somewhat frightful looking birds, shoebill storks stand 110 to 140 cm tall. This causes the fish living in the water to surface for air more often, increasing the likelihood a shoebill stork will successfully capture it.

They are also found where there is poorly oxygenated water. When shoebill storks are in an area with deep water, a bed of floating vegetation is a requirement. They are often found in areas of flood plain interspersed with undisturbed papyrus and reedbeds. Shoebill storks inhabit freshwater swamps and extensive, dense marshes. This bird's range usually coincides with that of papyrus and lungfish. Smaller populations occupy eastern Zaire and Rwanda. The main populations are found in southern Sudan (mainly in the White Nile Sudd), the wetlands of northern Uganda and western Tanzania and the Bangweulu swamp of northeastern Zambia. Shoebill or whale-headed storks are endemic to Africa and inhabit the east-central part of the continent.